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Figure 8-1. A WinForm containing a pie shape This image is linked to the size of the form, so you must tell the form to redraw itself whenever the form is resized. You do this by attaching an event-handling function to the Resize event. In this function, you call the form s Invalidate method, which tells the form that it needs to redraw itself.

The first tank does the firing, so we call its fire_at method and pass in the second tank as the enemy If the second tank is killed by the first (armor reaches 0), its alive property will be set to False When this happens, the alive_tanks count is reduced by 1 Eventually, after a few rounds of the game the value of alive_tanks will reach 1 And when that happens, the main game loop will end, as it only loops when alive_tanks is greater than 1 The purpose of the last section of code is to display which tank won the game: for tank in tanksvalues(): if tankalive: print tankname, "is the winner!" break It is another loop that goes through each value in tanksvalues(), which is the complement to keys() it gives us a list of all our tank objects.

Listing 10-6. Code After Invoking Encapsulate Field class Examples { private string firstName; public string FirstName { get { return firstName; } set { firstName = value; } } }

Now let s look at a more complete WinForms example. Imagine you want to create a form to display the Tree type defined in the next code example (see Figure 8-2): // The tree type type 'a Tree = | Node of 'a Tree * 'a Tree | Leaf of 'a // The definition of the tree let tree = Node( Node( Leaf "one", Node(Leaf "two", Leaf "three")), Node( Node(Leaf "four", Leaf "five"), Leaf "six"))

We know that there is only one tank that has alive set to True, so we test it with a simple if statement Once we find that last remaining tank, we print a little message and then execute the break statement The break statement is the partner to continue, but rather than jumping to the beginning of the loop, it jumps to the end and stops looping So that s our little game Now I d be the first to admit that it is not the most exciting of games It s no Quake beater, but even Quake will do similar things All 3D shooters must keep track of health/armor and ammunition, as well as who is still alive By the end of this book, though, our game objects will be rendered in stunning 3D rather than a line of text The following is the output from tankgame.

Figure 8-2. A WinForm showing a tree structure You can draw this tree with the code shown in Listing 8-1. Listing 8-1. Drawing a Tree open System open System.Drawing open System.Windows.Forms // The tree type type 'a Tree = | Node of 'a Tree * 'a Tree | Leaf of 'a

After creating a class, you might find that several consumers (other classes that call/reference methods of this class) call the same subset of methods. Or, more commonly, you might find that there are one or more classes that share the same set of methods (features or functionality) as that class you created. When you see this happen, it is a good indication that you should create an interface of the common methods. The reason for creating such an interface is to show the commonality between these classes so other people looking at the class will know that this class shares functionality with other classes that implement the same interface. This also allows the consumer of these classes to more freely choose which class that implements this interface is most appropriate for its use or to allow any class that implements this interface to be used. Listing 10-7 shows an example of some source code before invoking the Extract Interface tool. Listing 10-7. Code Before Invoking Extract Interface class FullTimeEmployee { private string name; private string phoneNumber; private int numberOfPaidDaysOff; public string Name { get { return name; } set { name = value; } } public string PhoneNumber { get { return phoneNumber; } set { phoneNumber = value; } }